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【人物】朱元璋18代100多万子孙，全被杀了个精光

张宏杰 美丽视界 2019-10-23
（本文作者张宏杰，原作标题为《百万皇子皇孙可悲下场，被起义军大肆诛戮》。布楚维奇改写，改写时参照了柏杨的《中国人史纲》，版权为原作者所有。）

明朝末年，经过两百多年的繁衍，“皇族”即朱姓子孙已发展到100多万人。作为大明王朝最大的既得利益集团，他们的确是“最幸福”的群体。

他们从摇篮到坟墓都由国家负担，只要是皇族后代，从一出生就不必从事任何职业，所有消费、所有供需均由国家特供：10岁起开始领工资享受俸禄，结婚时国家发放房屋、冠服、婚礼费用，死时还有一笔厚厚的丧葬费。

但他们仍嫌不足，利用皇族身份，勾结商贾，垄断行业；抢占良田、土地、森林、矿产等稀缺资源；挥霍财富，穷奢极欲；纳妾淫婢，强奸民女……

当然，他们对民变极为防范。明朝通过中央高度集权和在地方设“军分区”（军分区司令由王族担任）、建立“东厂”、“西厂”、锦衣卫等特务组织等的方式，以确保朱家江山永不变色。由于手中把握着枪杆子，朝庭和皇族们对自已的未来十分自信。

当他们达到了最无耻的亢奋状态之时，终于，算总帐的来了——和他们有得一比的暴民李自成、张献忠兵锋所至，皇族几乎没人能活下来，他们两百多年的狂欢宴席，原来不是免费的。（2013年11月15日，布楚维奇，长沙）。

朱元璋是历史上最冷酷的皇帝。他对百姓、对大臣、对故交、对妻妾都残酷无情。唯有在自己的子孙面前，他却满面慈祥，温柔体贴得无以复加。为了确保子孙们生活幸福和江山永不变色，他绞尽了脑汁。

一、皇族子孙在政治上、经济上、法律上均享有特权

开国不久，还没来得及大封功臣，他便急不可待地把所有儿子都封为亲王，虽然他最小的儿子那一年刚刚一岁。他规定皇族子孙不受普通法律约束，不归当地官府管制。诸王的府第、服饰和军骑，下天子一等，公侯大臣见了都要“伏而拜谒”。

百姓们在死亡线上挣扎，朱元璋却给自己儿孙们制定了极高的俸禄标准：皇子封为亲王后年俸万石，是最高官员的近七倍，还不包括大量的土地等其他各种赏赐。为了让后代们充分享受幸福，他规定皇族不必从事任何职业。每一个皇族后代，所有消费需要都由国家特供。

同时，将地方最赚钱的行业，由皇族垄断。天下最好的土地越来越集中到皇族手中。明代中叶之后，全国人均土地不断下降，而同时，皇族占有土地却迅速扩大。许多王府拥有的土地动辄万顷：景王、潞王在湖广等地庄田多达4万顷，福王庄田2万顷，桂王、惠王、瑞王的庄田各3万顷。吉王在长沙，有地七八十万亩，长沙、善化两县田地的40%也归吉王所有。河南全省土地，居然有一半归各王府所有。

皇族们的俸禄直接来自各地的财政收入，皇族的穷奢极欲和皇族人口的增长，意味着财政支出几十倍、上百倍的增加。山西晋王府，明初只需年俸1万石，到了嘉靖年间，增长到87万石。河南周王府，由1万石增长到69万石。湖广楚王府，由1万石增长到25万石……国家财富分配中，权贵们的比重迅速扩大，而底层百姓的生存空间不断被压缩。

这片江山上的亿万人民存活的真正意义，历来就是给一家一姓提供膏血。从明代中期开始，各地的长官惊慌地发现，他们本地的财政收入，已经不够供养居住在本地的皇族。比如山西地方财政收入为152万石，而山西王爷们每年消耗的俸禄为312万石。河南年财政收入为84万石，而需要供给王爷的是192万石。嘉靖年间的大臣们纷纷焦虑地指出，不久之后，以中国之地大物博，竟然可能举全国之力，也无法养活这一家一姓的荒唐场景：“王府将军、中尉动以万计，假令复数十年，虽损内府之积贮，竭天下之全税，而奚足以赡乎？”“将来圣子神孙相传万世，以有限之土地，增无算之禄粮，作何处以善其后？”

二、国家特供如此优厚，皇子龙孙们犹有不足

事实上，中国老百姓都特别“通情达理”。江山是人家老祖宗提着头打下来的，是用千万个人头换来的。所以，人家的后代享受一下特殊待遇，天经地义，理所当然。问题是，国家规定已经如此优厚，皇子龙孙们犹有不足。他们运用自己的特殊身份和影响力，把触角伸向一切有油水的领域，无利不取，无所不为：

皇族往往与巨商相勾结，进行行业垄断。这些亲贵利用自己的关系，向朝廷要到特殊政策，转手批给商人，再从商人那里分得巨额利益。地方上所有最赚钱的行业，都被其垄断。许多地方的藩王利用特权，控制了当地的食盐销售。他们不顾百姓承受能力，任意抬高盐价，以致最底层的老百姓长年买不起盐吃。

所有稀缺的自然资源，比如土地、山林和矿山，只要证明有利可图，皇族就会通过向皇帝乞请或者巧取豪夺的方式，抢占到自己手里。各地王府所圈之地，“皆取之州县中极膏腴田地”。比如皇帝赐给福王两万顷土地，本来定在河南，但河南好地圈尽仍然不够，不得不跑到湖广、山东去圈占最好的良田。所以史书说，有明一代 “占夺民业而为民厉者，莫如皇庄及诸王、勋戚、中官庄田为甚”。

各地王爷经常向皇帝哭穷，索要各种特利。许多地方的收税权陆陆续续划归了各地王府：周王拥有开封的税课权，潞王占有河泊所26处，潞城县的商税被赐给了清源王，屯留县的则归辽山王所有。平遥王说自己家口太多，生活不宽裕，皇帝命令，把黎城县一年的商税划给他……

通过种种巧取豪夺，皇族们山积了天下最多的财富。富甲天下的福王，“珠玉货赂山积”，金钱百万。陕西的秦王，富甲天下，“拥赀数百万”。大同的代王，居然拥有房屋1060所……

垄断集团暴利滚滚的直接后果自然是民生的日益困顿。从明代中期开始，历代皇帝不断通过“加派”等手段，将宗藩费用进一步转嫁到人民身上。原本负担很重的百姓更加雪上加霜，有的农民甚至“废箸、鬻舍、捐妻，以供王国之禄”……

三、特权庇护：皇族成为黑势力保护伞

以上种种，毕竟还属“合法”或者符合“潜规则”。然而这仍然不能满足皇族们的欲望和冲动。在缺乏约束的情况下，特权总要走到极端。明代皇族超出法律之外的为非作歹穷凶极恶为他们积累了更大的民怨。

虽然国家明确规定皇族不得干涉地方政务，但许多皇族都涉足地方事务，一旦有求不遂，就依仗自己的龙子龙孙身份对地方官员横加欺凌。因为享有司法特权，有罪时“罚而不刑”，许多王府成为地方黑恶势力的保护伞，甚至自身也沦为黑社会头目。嘉靖五年，庆成府的辅国将军藏匿大盗被人告发；隆庆二年，方山王府镇国中尉朱新垣“与群盗通，劫掠商货”；襄垣王府的辅国中尉、昌化王府的辅国中尉都“私出禁城为盗”，公然杀人劫财……

至于强抢民女之类的经典桥段更是无地无之。在特权庇护下，皇族已经沦为大明社会道德水准最为低下的一个群体。河南禹州的徽王朱载伦，“有美女子过府，掠入与淫，女幼不敢接，即大怒，投以与虎”。山民王朱企礼在武冈州“前后夺民妻女无算”。武邑王在父丧期间“居丧无礼，置酒作乐，召妓者歌舞，极诸淫纵，内使谏者，辄非法拷掠，或触其怒，以石鼓压胸，囊沙覆口，死者数人”……

虽然民怨深重，各地皇族们丝毫不予理会——拼命享受，作为对列祖列宗提头血战的回报。作为最大的既得利益集团，在大明王朝，皇族确实是最幸福的群体。两百多年的飞扬跋扈、狂吸痛饮， high到极点，终于要到巅峰了。
四、两百年的狂欢宴席原来不是免费的

天下没有不散的宴席。李自成、张献忠等明末“七十二家”起义军纵横大地之后，朱元璋的子孙们突然发现，他们的宴席不仅仅是被打扰了一下，而是被宣告永远终结。更可怕的是，他们到这个时候才发现，这场两百年的宴席不是免费的，结账的时候到了。这些姓朱的亲王、郡王、将军们，是农民军最有兴趣的猎物。大大小小的农民军所过之处，皇族均在劫难逃。那些各地最壮丽的王府，在连绵全国的战争中，几乎无不灰飞烟灭。据太原总兵姜镶亲见亲闻，农民军“凡所攻陷，劫掠焚毁，备极惨毒，而宗藩罹祸尤甚”。

明末山西有晋王、代王两大藩王和西河王等多位郡王，皇族多达数万人。崇祯十六年，李自成挥军进入山西，每到一地，首先捕杀皇族。起义军攻陷山西平阳后，“西河王等三百余人遇害”；攻占汾阳后，也首先搜杀“宗绅”，以致“彼汾一方，几成罗刹鬼国”。

崇祯十七年初攻克太原后，李自成军“捕晋宗室四百余人，送西安，悉杀之”。这四百余人都是晋王一系的高级皇族。接着，因为“恐（中低层）宗人为变，闭门搜捕，得千余人，杀之海子堰，若歼羊豕”。经过这两次杀戮，山西晋王宗室中的主要人物被杀殆尽。崇祯十七年三月，李自成军又攻取大同。6天之内，代王朱传齐以下的4000多名诸王宗室皆被杀。其他郡王也几乎没有幸免。姜镶在启本中说：“云（今山西大同）之宗姓，约计肆千余，闯贼盘踞六日，屠戮将尽……”综计以上数次，李自成军仅在山西一地，就杀掉朱姓子孙10000多人。

山西一地仅是缩影。事实上，尽管李自成以“不嗜杀”闻名，但是他兵锋过处，那些朱姓王爷几乎没有活下来的。

而张献忠军本以玉石俱焚为特长，所到之处，诸王扫灭，更是题中之义。与众不同的是他在杀法上常有新创意。崇祯十四年二月，他攻取了襄阳，执襄王朱翊铭于南城楼。朱翊铭跪地乞生，张献忠赐给了他一杯酒，说：“吾欲借王头，使杨嗣昌以陷藩伏法。”接着“杀之城上，焚城楼，投尸于火”。

崇祯十六年五月，张献忠克武昌，俘获楚王朱华奎。这次，他想出了另一个新花样——活沉西湖，宫殿楼阁近千间也被付之一炬……

与和平时期皇族的生育率最高相匹配，在明末战乱之中，皇族的死亡率也创了社会各阶层之最。明末起义军诛戮明皇室成员，一个最大的特点是坚决、彻底。只要是朱元璋的后代，不论主动投降还是被动俘获，不论立地不跪还是苦苦求生，不论拒不交待藏宝地点还是痛痛快快地献出所有财富，结果都是一样：一律诛灭。史书中涉及王府在兵锋下的遭遇，所用的词都是“尽”、“皆”、“合族”：张献忠攻占常德，“荣王宗室殆尽”。攻克重庆，蜀王朱常浩及其家人“尽杀之”。蜀王朱至澎“合宗被害”……史家总结道：“凡王府宗支，不分顺逆，不分军民，是朱姓者，尽皆诛杀。”

明皇族两百多年的为所欲为，积累了太多的民愤。他们已经完全站到了普通民众的对立面，不得不以自己这一代的鲜血和生命，为自己，也为以前数十代的“幸福生活”付账，就像以前每一个王朝的末期一样。

但不要忘了，朱元璋正是高举“打倒元朝特权阶级”的大旗建立了明朝。明王朝这座大厦建立的地基，正是元王朝巨室、权贵、官宦之家的累累尸骨啊。

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